Annotated Bibliography
For Academic Use
Becker, M.J. (2001). “The Dutch Fort on Pilottown Road in Lewes: Zwaanendael Map Re-evaluated.” Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Delaware, 38, new series, 1-5.
- Newer evaluation of the drawing of a fort on an estimated 1659 (may be closer to 1631) map of the area of modern day Lewes as the 1659 fort, not the 1631 Swanendael fort. This makes the actual location of the settlement of Swanendael unclear.
- My first published work looking at a set of scale armor found in the Nebraska History Museum’s collections. Verdict ended up being inconclusive due to no other similar armor with a concrete history and inconclusive carbon-14 radiocarbon dating. Likely the armor was made on the frontier for use by Native American fighters as seen in several late 19th century drawings.
DaValinger, Leon, Jr. “The Burning of the Whorekill, 1673.” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 1950.
- Uses unpublished depositions describing the Lord Baltimore Raids from the Cadwalader Collection of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Debold, Beth. “Reconciling Professional Rifts: Can Historians and Archivists Understand One Another Better?” Perspectives on History: Viewpoints, Jan 21, 2021.
- https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/february-2021/reconciling-professional-rifts-can-historians-and-archivists-understand-one-another-better
Goodall, Jamie L.H. Pirates of the Chesapeake Bay: From the Colonial Era to the Oyster Wars. 2020.
Graham, Willie, Carter L. Hudgins, Carl R. Lounsbury, Fraser D. Neiman, and James P. Whittenburg. "Adaptation and Innovation: Archaeological and Architectural Perspectives on the Seventeenth-Century Chesapeake.” William and Mary Quarterly, July 2007.
- Overview of building strategies and patterns in the early Chesapeake area, not super useful for Swanendael/Whorekill/Lewes, but may help eventually.
- Confirms the idea of Becker’s supposition that the 1659/1631 map does not show Swandendael, and confirms the presence of Fort Oplandt at Lewes in 1659. Then goes on to another map showing Swanendael upriver and Hoerekill at Lewes. He does not discuss this map, however.
Huhn, Erich M. (2016) "Book Review: Lenape Country: Delaware Valley Society Before William Penn," Madison Historical Review: Vol. 13 , Article 7.
Lewes Historic District. “Amended National Register for Historic Places Registration Form” 1993.
Long, Lindsay. “On the Use and Meaning of Wood in Chinese Imperial Architecture.” Master’s Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015.
- My master’s thesis exploring the role wood played in Imperial Architecture in China, explorations centered on the Forbidden City and why China almost always focused on using wood as their primary building material even though they clearly knew how to use stone as well. Ends with a discussion on the differing ideas in Chinese architectural philosophy that do and do not overlap with modern, Western ideas of historic preservation.
Naum, Magdalena. "How to Plant a Colony in the New World: Rules and Practices in New Sweden and 17th century Delaware Valley." Archaeologies of Rules and Regulation: Between Text and Practice, Book Chapter, 2018.
- Discussed the impact on Swedish and Finnish settlers of the handoffs of control between the Dutch and English. Does not mention Swanendael/Whorekill, but could be helpful to understand the mindsets of those living at Whorekill in the 1660-1680s.
Reed, Paula S., Paula S. Reed & Associates. “A Historic Saga of Settlement and Nation Building.” First State National Historic Park Survey, 2019.
Repella, Kyle. Review of Soderlund, Jean R., Lenape Country: Delaware Valley Society before William Penn. H-Pennsylvania, H-Net Reviews. October, 2016.
Soderlund, Jean R. Lenape Country: Delaware Valley Society Before William Penn. 2014.
- Excellent book that details the history of the Delaware River and Bay from the early history of the Lenape peoples until William Penn was given control of the area in the late 17th century. Discusses Swanendael in part, with an emphasis on the destruction being a product of the Europeans’ disregard for agreements made with the Lenape peoples. A short section is devoted to the Lord Baltimore Raids.
- Great overview of cultural resources in the Bombay Hook area, but nothing really pertaining to Lewes/Whorekill. Except that the area may be the northernmost extent of the Swanendael patroonship.
For General Use
Brown, Thomas E. “Something Fishy in Lewes: Menhaden, Politics, and the 1939 Municipal Election,” Lewes History, Vol. 20, 2017.
- About the tension between the fish factories and environmental/recreational supporters, between jobs and the environment. I wish it also made the connection to current times.
Burdick, Kim. "South River Tales: Swanendael." Conference Paper, October 2014.
- Really good references and their analysis agrees with mine, especially about the naming of Hoerekill, the 1659/1631 fort, etc. Gives good references, but as this is not a peer reviewed source, I am unwilling to upgrade this to an ‘Academic Use’ source.
- This is the odd and confusing of story of George C. Morris, a soldier who died in 1876 alongside Custer at his Last Stand. Morris was apparently the alias for Eugene L. Cooper, which itself was an alias for William M. Cooper. Still, an interesting story tracing a Delaware boy to Montana.
- Overview of the now named Maritime Exchange which aims to promote domestic and international exchange. Originally meant to help track and trace ships as they sailed up and down the Delaware Bay. Could be useful if /when research extends into the 19th century or to research the connections between Lewes and Philadelphia.
- A survey of some 260 letters in the Lewes Historical Society’s Collections between Sallie and Willard Short, following their early courtship through marriage and their first child. They cover the period between 1886-1891.
- A short article describing the likely fate of the SS Poet, which was last seen from Cape Henlopen as she sailed out to seen on October 25, 1980. She likely sank in a storm, but conspiracy theorists have it that she was taken by pirates.
Debold, Beth. “Reconciling Professional Rifts: Can Historians and Archivists Understand One Another Better?” Perspectives on History: Viewpoints, Jan 21, 2021.
- https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/february-2021/reconciling-professional-rifts-can-historians-and-archivists-understand-one-another-better
Goodall, Jamie L.H. Pirates of the Chesapeake Bay: From the Colonial Era to the Oyster Wars. 2020.
Haefeli, Evan. "Revolt of the Long Swede: Transatlantic Hopes and Fears on the Delaware, 1669." The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, April 2006.
- I did not find useful, as it pertained to the Delaware River, not Bay. It also seemed to need additional research about the reasons for spreading rumors to create boogiemen...
Henn, Katherine. “Heirs, Heiresses, and Heirlooms: The Burton-Ingram House of the 19th Century,” Lewes History, Vol. 20, 2017.
- Genealogy of the Burton-Ingram families in Lewes using the Burton-Ingram House as a lens. However, it spends little time analyzing the house, instead the article speaks mainly about the people who lived in it. It is extremely detailed and may be helpful when/if I work on tracing property ownership in early Lewes.
Kotowski, Bob. “All the News That Fits,” Lewes History, Vol. 19, 2016.
- History of local newspapers, including the still extant Cape Gazette. Will be helpful tracking down now defunct newspaper articles from the mid-1800s on.
Kotowski, Bob. “A City of Two Tales: The Unsolved Mystery of the Swanendael
Massacre,” Lewes History, Vol. 21, 2018.
- Describes the general tale of Swanendael, although it describes with certainty the location of Swanendael at the DeVries monument and continues the story of a ‘misunderstanding’ with the natives. It does dispute tales of survivors of the massacre, though.
Kotowski, Bob. “Hook, Line and Basket,” Lews History, Vol. 19, 2016.
- Recounts the stories of two epic fishing days in Lewes, one in 1874 and the other in 1936, when fish basically caught themselves. This is a cute story emphasizing the importance of the fishing industry to the area’s history.
Kotowski, Bob. “Slavery, Politics, and Delaware’s Split Personality,” Lewes History, Vol. 21, 2018.
- A look at how Delaware, while a Union State was still entrenched in and supportive of slavery, including not ratifying the 15th Amendment in 1870. They did this with the 13th and 14th as well, not technically ratifying them until 1901.
Kotowski, Bob. “The Spy Who Came In From the Bay,” Lewes History, Vol. 19, 2016.
- The story of Clarence R. Hodson, AKA Ernest Schiller a World War II American Nazi sympathizer and pirate. He was captured off Cape Henlopen.
Kotowski, Bob. “Toward Freedom and Deportation,” Lewes History, Vol. 21, 2018.
- Discusses the American Colonization Society, a group in the early 1800s that sought to end slavery by gradual emancipation and deportation of African Americans.
Kotowski, Bob. “A Town by Any Other Name,” Lewes History, Vol. 19, 2016
- Walkthrough of various names for Lewes and the surrounding areas. But does perpetuate parts of the Zwannendael and Indian massacre stories. Use to help develop keyword searches.
- Photos from the LHS Collections showing the US Naval Base at Cape Henlopen which was previously the site of the 19th century quarantine hospital.
London, Daniel. “Celebration, Complacency, Critique: New Netherlands Historiography.” Course paper, December 12, 2008.
- A quick overview of work published about New Netherlands and its place in the greater field of History.
- Fictional narrative of Jacobs Jones, who grew up in the Ryves Holt House and later served in the War of 1812. The Author recreates a cute narrative about how witnessing the Revolutionary War at Lewes, a naval station, helped fuel his later desire to go to sea. I am not a fan of most narrative histories, but this creates a good window into the past for local and general readers.
- Features prominent Black Lewes residences other than those holding official offices like Mayor and the Chief of Police. Recent, 20th century history.
- Good introduction to New Netherland, but the focus is on New Amsterdam and Manhattan more than on the South River. Also, Zwaanendael.
Watson, B.M. “Please Stop Calling Things Archives: An Archivist’s Plea.” Perspectives on History: Perspectives Daily, Jan 22, 2021.
- https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/january-2021/please-stop-calling-things-archives-an-archivists-plea
- The story behind twenty objects in the Lewes Historical Collection which also tells the story of Lewes. Includes a dugout canoe from the Nanticoke, a Dutch brick found during the 1950s excavations out Pilottown Road (need to go see it!), and an early map of Delaware from 1715.
- Surveys the Zwaanendael Museum’s collection of artifacts recovered from the De Braak wreck which it uses to discuss the material culture of the Atlantic World at the turn of the 19th century.
- Recounts the story of Lydia Drew, the widow of the Captain of the ship De Braak which sunk off Cape Henlopen with prizes taken from another ship. She was trying to recover her husband’s portion of the loot after it was lost in 1798. The article also tells the story how the ship came to be off the Cape and why in sunk and ends with its salvage in the 1980s.
For Leisure Use
Brittingham, D. Hazel. Lantern On Lewes: Where the Past is Present. 1998
Diehl, James. Remembering Sussex County: From Zwaanendael to King Chicken, 2009.
- Entertaining read, but not a good history book, popular or otherwise. May be helpful when tracing folklore (Z’s, etc), but do not recommend.
Haden, Amy. Victorian Lewes and Its Architecture. 1986
Historical Tour of Lewes Booklet. No date, c. 1970s.
Long, Lindsay. “Online International Cataloging - the ISCA Archive.” The Society
of California Archivists Winter Newsletter, 2021.
- Popular history book going over the history of Lewes and the surrounding areas. Great place to start to learn or to recap Lewes history, but more of a recounting of events, not analysis. Does a decent job to debunk some myths or tell other theories about unconfirmed historical events.
- https://www.nps.gov/frst/learn/historyculture/ryves-holt-history.htm
- Decent brief history of the Ryves Holt House, aligns well with my understandings. Swanendael, 1665 build date, 1659 fort, Lord Baltimore raids, etc.
- https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/DE-01-ES18
- Decent brief analysis of the structure of the house and why it is important, being potentially one of the oldest wooden houses. Still, describes the house as unlikely to pre-date 1685.
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